diff --git a/src/rtmp_manager.cpp b/src/rtmp_manager.cpp
index b271e31..7aec1d6 100644
--- a/src/rtmp_manager.cpp
+++ b/src/rtmp_manager.cpp
@@ -113,25 +113,25 @@ std::string RTMPManager::make_key(const std::string& name) { return name + "_mai
 
 GstElement* RTMPManager::create_pipeline(const Camera& cam)
 {
-    const int fps = 30;
     const int bitrate = cam.bitrate;
-    const int gop = fps;
+    const int gop = 30;  // 固定 GOP，不强依赖实时 fps
 
     const std::string stream_name = cam.name;
     const std::string rtmp_url = "rtmp://127.0.0.1:1935/" + stream_name;
 
     std::string pipeline_str =
-        // === V4L2 ===
+        // ===== V4L2 Source =====
         "v4l2src device=" + cam.device +
         " io-mode=dmabuf do-timestamp=true "
 
-        // === 完全匹配驱动格式 ===
-        "! video/x-raw,format=NV12,width=1280,height=960,framerate=30/1 "
+        // ⚠️ 不再锁死 framerate（这是装车最关键的一步）
+        "! video/x-raw,format=NV12,width=1280,height=960 "
 
-        // === 解耦缓冲 ===
-        "! queue max-size-buffers=4 max-size-time=0 max-size-bytes=0 "
+        // ===== 启动/抖动缓冲（吃掉脏帧）=====
+        "! queue max-size-buffers=8 max-size-time=0 max-size-bytes=0 "
+        "leaky=downstream "
 
-        // === 硬件编码（命名！）===
+        // ===== MPP H.264 Encoder =====
         "! mpph264enc name=enc "
         "rc-mode=cbr "
         "bps=" +
@@ -143,14 +143,16 @@ GstElement* RTMPManager::create_pipeline(const Camera& cam)
         "profile=main "
         "header-mode=each-idr "
 
-        // === H264 ===
+        // ===== H264 Parse =====
         "! h264parse config-interval=1 "
         "! video/x-h264,stream-format=avc,alignment=au "
 
-        // === RTMP ===
+        // ===== RTMP =====
         "! flvmux streamable=true "
         "! rtmpsink location=\"" +
-        rtmp_url + "\" sync=false async=false";
+        rtmp_url +
+        "\" "
+        "sync=false async=false";
 
     GError* error = nullptr;
     GstElement* pipeline = gst_parse_launch(pipeline_str.c_str(), &error);