diff --git a/src/rtmp_manager.cpp b/src/rtmp_manager.cpp
index 46422a0..bb3a858 100644
--- a/src/rtmp_manager.cpp
+++ b/src/rtmp_manager.cpp
@@ -114,34 +114,30 @@ std::string RTMPManager::make_key(const std::string& name) { return name + "_mai
 GstElement* RTMPManager::create_pipeline(const Camera& cam)
 {
     const int fps = 30;
-    const int bitrate = cam.bitrate;  // 3.5M~4M
-    const int gop = 4;
+    const int bitrate = cam.bitrate;
+    const int gop = 15;  // ⭐ 从 4 改为 15（非常重要）
 
     const std::string stream_name = cam.name;
     const std::string rtmp_url = "rtmp://127.0.0.1:1935/" + stream_name;
 
-    std::string pipeline_str = "v4l2src name=src device=" + cam.device +
+    std::string pipeline_str = "v4l2src device=" + cam.device +
                                " io-mode=dmabuf "
 
-                               // 原始 4:3 输入
                                "! video/x-raw,format=NV12,"
                                "width=1280,height=960,"
                                "framerate=30/1 "
 
-                               // ⭐ 裁成 16:9（上下各裁 120）
                                "! videocrop top=120 bottom=120 "
 
-                               // 可选：如果你想输出非 1280x720（比如 960x540）
                                "! videoscale "
                                "! video/x-raw,"
                                "width=" +
                                std::to_string(cam.width) + ",height=" + std::to_string(cam.height) +
                                " "
 
-                               // 队列（建议后面再把 leaky 去掉）
-                               "! queue max-size-buffers=2 max-size-time=0 leaky=downstream "
+                               // ⭐ 缓冲拉开，避免瞬时饿死
+                               "! queue max-size-buffers=8 max-size-time=0 leaky=downstream "
 
-                               // 编码
                                "! mpph264enc "
                                "rc-mode=cbr "
                                "bps=" +
@@ -155,6 +151,7 @@ GstElement* RTMPManager::create_pipeline(const Camera& cam)
 
                                "! h264parse config-interval=1 "
                                "! video/x-h264,stream-format=avc,alignment=au "
+
                                "! flvmux streamable=true "
 
                                "! rtmpsink location=\"" +