diff --git a/src/rtmp_manager.cpp b/src/rtmp_manager.cpp
index 46422a0..3f1ca5c 100644
--- a/src/rtmp_manager.cpp
+++ b/src/rtmp_manager.cpp
@@ -115,33 +115,22 @@ GstElement* RTMPManager::create_pipeline(const Camera& cam)
 {
     const int fps = 30;
     const int bitrate = cam.bitrate;  // 3.5M~4M
-    const int gop = 4;
+    const int gop = fps;              // 建议：1 秒一个 IDR
 
     const std::string stream_name = cam.name;
     const std::string rtmp_url = "rtmp://127.0.0.1:1935/" + stream_name;
 
-    std::string pipeline_str = "v4l2src name=src device=" + cam.device +
-                               " io-mode=dmabuf "
+    std::string pipeline_str = "v4l2src device=" + cam.device +
+                               " io-mode=dmabuf do-timestamp=true "
 
-                               // 原始 4:3 输入
+                               // ✅ 相机原生格式：完全匹配驱动
                                "! video/x-raw,format=NV12,"
-                               "width=1280,height=960,"
-                               "framerate=30/1 "
+                               "width=1280,height=960,framerate=30/1 "
 
-                               // ⭐ 裁成 16:9（上下各裁 120）
-                               "! videocrop top=120 bottom=120 "
+                               // ✅ 缓冲，只负责解耦，不丢帧
+                               "! queue max-size-buffers=4 max-size-time=0 max-size-bytes=0 "
 
-                               // 可选：如果你想输出非 1280x720（比如 960x540）
-                               "! videoscale "
-                               "! video/x-raw,"
-                               "width=" +
-                               std::to_string(cam.width) + ",height=" + std::to_string(cam.height) +
-                               " "
-
-                               // 队列（建议后面再把 leaky 去掉）
-                               "! queue max-size-buffers=2 max-size-time=0 leaky=downstream "
-
-                               // 编码
+                               // ✅ 硬件编码
                                "! mpph264enc "
                                "rc-mode=cbr "
                                "bps=" +
@@ -150,17 +139,17 @@ GstElement* RTMPManager::create_pipeline(const Camera& cam)
                                "gop=" +
                                std::to_string(gop) +
                                " "
-                               "header-mode=each-idr "
                                "profile=main "
+                               "header-mode=each-idr "
 
+                               // ✅ H.264 打包
                                "! h264parse config-interval=1 "
                                "! video/x-h264,stream-format=avc,alignment=au "
-                               "! flvmux streamable=true "
 
+                               // ✅ FLV / RTMP
+                               "! flvmux streamable=true "
                                "! rtmpsink location=\"" +
-                               rtmp_url +
-                               "\" "
-                               "sync=false async=false";
+                               rtmp_url + "\" sync=false async=false";
 
     GError* error = nullptr;
     GstElement* pipeline = gst_parse_launch(pipeline_str.c_str(), &error);