diff --git a/src/rtmp_manager.cpp b/src/rtmp_manager.cpp
index d8a0943..a89e29c 100644
--- a/src/rtmp_manager.cpp
+++ b/src/rtmp_manager.cpp
@@ -111,8 +111,7 @@ void RTMPManager::stream_loop(Camera cam, StreamContext *ctx)
     while (ctx->running)
     {
         // 检查设备是否存在
-        struct stat st;
-        if (stat(cam.device.c_str(), &st) != 0)
+        if (!device_exists(cam.device))
         {
             ctx->status.running = false;
             ctx->status.last_error = "Device not found: " + cam.device;
@@ -122,7 +121,7 @@ void RTMPManager::stream_loop(Camera cam, StreamContext *ctx)
             continue;
         }
 
-        // 创建 pipeline
+        // 创建 GStreamer 管线
         GstElement *pipeline = create_pipeline(cam);
         if (!pipeline)
         {
@@ -134,19 +133,44 @@ void RTMPManager::stream_loop(Camera cam, StreamContext *ctx)
             continue;
         }
 
+        gst_element_set_name(pipeline, key.c_str());
         GstBus *bus = gst_element_get_bus(pipeline);
+
+        // ======== Pad Probe 探测帧 ==========
+        bool got_frame = false;
+        GstElement *src = gst_bin_get_by_name(GST_BIN(pipeline), "v4l2src0");
+        if (!src) src = gst_bin_get_by_interface(GST_BIN(pipeline), GST_TYPE_ELEMENT);
+
+        if (src)
+        {
+            GstPad *pad = gst_element_get_static_pad(src, "src");
+            if (pad)
+            {
+                gst_pad_add_probe(
+                    pad, GST_PAD_PROBE_TYPE_BUFFER,
+                    [](GstPad *, GstPadProbeInfo *, gpointer user_data) -> GstPadProbeReturn
+                    {
+                        auto *flag = static_cast<bool *>(user_data);
+                        *flag = true;  // 收到帧数据
+                        return GST_PAD_PROBE_OK;
+                    },
+                    &got_frame, nullptr);
+                gst_object_unref(pad);
+            }
+            gst_object_unref(src);
+        }
+
+        // ======== 启动推流 ========
         gst_element_set_state(pipeline, GST_STATE_PLAYING);
         LOG_INFO("[RTMP] Starting stream: " + key);
 
         bool confirmed_running = false;
-        bool got_frame = false;
         bool need_restart = false;
-
         auto start_time = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
 
         // ======== 等待 pipeline 确认启动 ========
         {
-            bool got_first_frame = false;
+            bool reached_playing = false;
             auto check_start = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
 
             while (std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - check_start)
@@ -156,18 +180,18 @@ void RTMPManager::stream_loop(Camera cam, StreamContext *ctx)
                 gst_element_get_state(pipeline, &state, nullptr, 200 * GST_MSECOND);
                 if (state == GST_STATE_PLAYING)
                 {
-                    got_first_frame = true;
+                    reached_playing = true;
                     break;
                 }
                 std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(100));
             }
 
-            if (got_first_frame)
+            if (reached_playing)
             {
                 ctx->status.running = true;
                 ctx->status.last_error.clear();
                 confirmed_running = true;
-                LOG_INFO("[RTMP] " + key + " confirmed running.");
+                LOG_INFO("[RTMP] " + key + " confirmed running (PLAYING).");
             }
             else
             {
@@ -189,12 +213,13 @@ void RTMPManager::stream_loop(Camera cam, StreamContext *ctx)
         // ======== 主循环监听消息 ========
         while (ctx->running)
         {
-            GstMessage *msg = gst_bus_timed_pop_filtered(
-                bus, 200 * GST_MSECOND, (GstMessageType)(GST_MESSAGE_ERROR | GST_MESSAGE_EOS | GST_MESSAGE_ELEMENT));
+            GstMessage *msg = gst_bus_timed_pop_filtered(bus, 200 * GST_MSECOND,
+                                                         (GstMessageType)(GST_MESSAGE_ERROR | GST_MESSAGE_EOS));
 
-            // 检查是否超时无帧
+            // 检查是否超时无帧（5 秒）
             auto elapsed =
                 std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::seconds>(std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - start_time).count();
+
             if (!got_frame && elapsed > 5)
             {
                 ctx->status.running = false;
@@ -208,16 +233,6 @@ void RTMPManager::stream_loop(Camera cam, StreamContext *ctx)
 
             switch (GST_MESSAGE_TYPE(msg))
             {
-                case GST_MESSAGE_ELEMENT:
-                    // 检测 fpsdisplaysink 输出帧
-                    if (gst_message_has_name(msg, "fpsprobe"))
-                    {
-                        got_frame = true;
-                        ctx->status.running = true;
-                        ctx->status.last_error.clear();
-                    }
-                    break;
-
                 case GST_MESSAGE_ERROR:
                 {
                     GError *err = nullptr;
@@ -229,14 +244,12 @@ void RTMPManager::stream_loop(Camera cam, StreamContext *ctx)
                     need_restart = true;
                     break;
                 }
-
                 case GST_MESSAGE_EOS:
                     ctx->status.running = false;
                     ctx->status.last_error = "End of stream (EOS)";
                     LOG_WARN("[RTMP] " + key + " reached EOS");
                     need_restart = true;
                     break;
-
                 default:
                     break;
             }