diff --git a/src/rtmp_manager.cpp b/src/rtmp_manager.cpp
index 6a8fc02..ca7a76a 100644
--- a/src/rtmp_manager.cpp
+++ b/src/rtmp_manager.cpp
@@ -104,45 +104,49 @@ GstElement* RTMPManager::create_pipeline(const Camera& cam)
     const std::string stream = cam.name + "_main";
     const std::string app = "camera";
 
-    // 维持你当前 SRS 的 vhost query 方式，避免改动联动太多
     const std::string live_rtmp = "rtmp://36.153.162.171:19435/" + app + "/" + stream + "?vhost=live";
     const std::string record_rtmp = "rtmp://127.0.0.1:2935/" + app + "/" + stream + "?vhost=record";
 
-    // 关键：rtmpsink protocol=0 强制 IPv4（减少握手卡住/IPv6 干扰）
-    // 关键：valve 默认 drop=true，真正放行在 PLAYING 成功后再做（避免 cold-start 饿死）
+    // 关键调整：
+    // 1) v4l2src 后先只固定输入格式/原始分辨率，不强绑 framerate
+    // 2) 加 videorate，真正做降帧
+    // 3) 在 mpph264enc 前再次明确 width/height/framerate，避免 encoder 拿到 0/1
+    // 4) gop 适当放大，动态场景更稳一点
     std::string pipeline_str = "v4l2src device=" + cam.device +
                                " io-mode=dmabuf "
-                               "! video/x-raw,format=NV12,width=1920,height=1080,framerate=" +
-                               std::to_string(cam.fps) +
-                               "/1 "
+                               "! video/x-raw,format=NV12,width=1920,height=1080 "
+                               "! videorate "
                                "! videoscale "
-                               "! video/x-raw,width=" +
+                               "! video/x-raw,format=NV12,width=" +
                                std::to_string(cam.width) + ",height=" + std::to_string(cam.height) +
-                               " "
+                               ",framerate=" + std::to_string(cam.fps) +
+                               "/1 "
                                "! queue max-size-buffers=2 leaky=downstream "
                                "! mpph264enc rc-mode=cbr bps=" +
-                               std::to_string(cam.bitrate) + " gop=" + std::to_string(cam.fps) +
+                               std::to_string(cam.bitrate) + " gop=" + std::to_string(cam.fps * 2) +
                                " header-mode=each-idr profile=baseline "
                                "! h264parse config-interval=1 "
                                "! tee name=t "
 
                                // ===== record branch =====
-                               "t. ! queue max-size-buffers=8 leaky=downstream "
+                               "t. ! queue max-size-buffers=2 leaky=downstream "
                                "! valve name=record_valve drop=true "
-                               "! queue max-size-buffers=8 leaky=downstream "
+                               "! queue max-size-buffers=2 leaky=downstream "
                                "! flvmux name=rec_mux streamable=true "
                                "! rtmpsink name=rec_sink location=\"" +
                                record_rtmp +
                                "\" sync=false async=false "
 
                                // ===== live branch =====
-                               "t. ! queue max-size-buffers=8 leaky=downstream "
+                               "t. ! queue max-size-buffers=2 leaky=downstream "
                                "! valve name=live_valve drop=true "
-                               "! queue max-size-buffers=8 leaky=downstream "
+                               "! queue max-size-buffers=2 leaky=downstream "
                                "! flvmux name=live_mux streamable=true "
                                "! rtmpsink name=live_sink location=\"" +
                                live_rtmp + "\" sync=false async=false ";
 
+    LOG_INFO("[RTMP] pipeline: " + pipeline_str);
+
     GError* err = nullptr;
     GstElement* pipeline = gst_parse_launch(pipeline_str.c_str(), &err);
     if (err)