diff --git a/src/rtmp_manager.cpp b/src/rtmp_manager.cpp
index 0cceaa1..10ed4fd 100644
--- a/src/rtmp_manager.cpp
+++ b/src/rtmp_manager.cpp
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ void RTMPManager::stream_loop(Camera cam, StreamType type)
     {
         {
             std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(streams_mutex);
-            if (!streams[key].running)
+            if (!streams[key].running.load())
                 break;
         }
 
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ void RTMPManager::stream_loop(Camera cam, StreamType type)
 
             {
                 std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(streams_mutex);
-                if (!streams[key].running)
+                if (!streams[key].running.load())
                     break;
             }
 
@@ -140,8 +140,8 @@ void RTMPManager::stream_loop(Camera cam, StreamType type)
         }
 
         gst_element_set_state(pipeline, GST_STATE_NULL);
-        gst_object_unref(pipeline);
         gst_object_unref(bus);
+        gst_object_unref(pipeline);
 
         if (!error_occurred)
             break;
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ void RTMPManager::stream_loop(Camera cam, StreamType type)
         {
             LOG_ERROR("[RTMP] Max retries reached for '" + key + "'. Stopping reconnection attempts.");
             std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(streams_mutex);
-            streams[key].running = false;
+            streams[key].running.store(false);
             break;
         }
 
@@ -165,22 +165,25 @@ void RTMPManager::start_camera(const Camera &cam, StreamType type)
 {
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(streams_mutex);
     std::string key = make_stream_key(cam.name, type);
-    if (streams.count(key) && streams[key].running)
+
+    if (streams.count(key) && streams[key].running.load())
     {
         LOG_WARN("[RTMP] Camera '" + key + "' already streaming.");
         return;
     }
 
     StreamContext ctx;
-    ctx.running = true;
+    ctx.running.store(true);
     ctx.thread = std::thread([cam, type]()
                              { RTMPManager::stream_loop(cam, type); });
-    streams.emplace(key, std::move(ctx));
+
+    // 修复 emplace 构造失败问题
+    streams.emplace(std::move(key), std::move(ctx));
 }
 
 void RTMPManager::stop_camera(const std::string &cam_name, StreamType type)
 {
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(streams_mutex);
+    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(streams_mutex);
     std::string key = make_stream_key(cam_name, type);
     auto it = streams.find(key);
     if (it == streams.end())
@@ -189,11 +192,13 @@ void RTMPManager::stop_camera(const std::string &cam_name, StreamType type)
         return;
     }
 
-    it->second.running = false;
-    if (it->second.thread.joinable())
-        it->second.thread.join();
-
+    it->second.running.store(false);
+    auto th = std::move(it->second.thread);
     streams.erase(it);
+    lock.unlock();
+
+    if (th.joinable())
+        th.join();
 }
 
 bool RTMPManager::is_streaming(const std::string &cam_name, StreamType type)
@@ -201,42 +206,35 @@ bool RTMPManager::is_streaming(const std::string &cam_name, StreamType type)
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(streams_mutex);
     std::string key = make_stream_key(cam_name, type);
     auto it = streams.find(key);
-    return it != streams.end() && it->second.running;
+    return it != streams.end() && it->second.running.load();
 }
 
 bool RTMPManager::is_any_streaming()
 {
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(streams_mutex);
     for (auto &kv : streams)
-        if (kv.second.running)
+        if (kv.second.running.load())
             return true;
     return false;
 }
 
 void RTMPManager::stop_all()
 {
-    std::vector<std::string> keys;
+    std::vector<std::pair<std::string, StreamType>> targets;
+
     {
         std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(streams_mutex);
         for (auto &kv : streams)
-            keys.push_back(kv.first);
+        {
+            if (kv.first.size() > 4 && kv.first.find("_sub") == kv.first.size() - 4)
+                targets.emplace_back(kv.first.substr(0, kv.first.size() - 4), StreamType::SUB);
+            else
+                targets.emplace_back(kv.first.substr(0, kv.first.size() - 5), StreamType::MAIN);
+        }
     }
 
-    for (auto &key : keys)
-    {
-        if (key.size() > 4 && key.find("_sub") == key.size() - 4)
-        {
-            stop_camera(key.substr(0, key.size() - 4), StreamType::SUB);
-        }
-        else if (key.size() > 5 && key.find("_main") == key.size() - 5)
-        {
-            stop_camera(key.substr(0, key.size() - 5), StreamType::MAIN);
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            stop_camera(key, StreamType::MAIN);
-        }
-    }
+    for (auto &[name, type] : targets)
+        stop_camera(name, type);
 }
 
 std::string RTMPManager::get_stream_url(const std::string &cam_name, StreamType type)